THE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT OF
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS
SJC-07621
CAROL A. WILCOX
VS.
JOHN G. TRAUTZ
Plymouth. March 5, 1998. - April 21, 1998.
Present: Wilkins, C.J., Abrams, Lynch, Greaney, Fried, Marshall, & Ireland,
JJ.
Contract, Validity, Cohabitation agreement. Cohabitation,
Nonmarital. Domestic Partner.
Civil action commenced in the Plymouth Division of the Probate and Family
Court Department on August 21, 1992.
The case was heard by Edward W. Farrell, J.
The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative transferred the case from
the Appeals Court.
Alan J. Perry for the defendant.
Kevin P. Phillips for the plaintiff.
GREANEY, J. After approximately twenty-five years of living together as an unmarried
couple, the plaintiff and the defendant separated. The plaintiff brought an
action in the Probate and Family Court which sought (a) a declaration under
G. L. c. 231A that a written agreement between the parties was invalid and
unenforceable, (b) an injunction preventing the defendant from transferring
or encumbering the house in which the parties resided at the time of their
separation, and (c) the imposition of a constructive trust for her benefit
in a one-half interest in that home or an award of damages on theories of
implied promise or quantum meruit.
A judge of the Probate and Family Court conducted a bifurcated trial. The
judge first considered the evidence pertaining to the enforceability of the
parties' written agreement and concluded that it was invalid and should not
be enforced. The judge then considered the evidence pertaining to the trust
and damages claims, and he concluded that the plaintiff was not entitled to
recover either under a constructive trust theory or an implied contract
theory, but that, to prevent unjust enrichment, she was entitled to damages
of approximately $30,000 on her quantum meruit claim.
The defendant appealed from the final judgment, and we transferred the case
to this court on our own motion. We conclude that the parties' agreement is
valid and enforceable and, as a result, the plaintiff's damages award must
be set aside. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment and order the entry of a
new judgment that declares the agreement to be valid and enforceable and
disposes of the damages claim in the defendant's favor.
1. We summarize the judge's findings on the challenged agreement. In 1967,
the plaintiff, then age twenty-two years, and the defendant, then age
twenty-five years, began living together in an apartment rented by the
defendant in Abington. The defendant, who earned approximately $100 more
per week than the plaintiff, was employed at a local supermarket as a meat
cutter, and the plaintiff was employed by the same company as a meat
wrapper. The plaintiff had completed the tenth grade in high school and
subsequently received a high school equivalency diploma. The defendant had
completed the eleventh grade.
The parties moved from the Abington apartment to a house purchased by the
defendant in Rockland in 1973, and in 1980, after the defendant sold the
Rockland property, they moved to a house he purchased in Halifax, where
they resided together until the time of trial. The titles to both the
Rockland and the Halifax properties were in the defendant's name only.
Between 1973 and 1992, the plaintiff contributed $25 a week toward general
household expenses. Throughout the course of the relationship, the
plaintiff performed household duties, including all the food and clothes
shopping, which she paid for solely from her earnings, as well as all of
the cooking, cleaning, and laundry. She also entertained the parties'
friends and family in the parties' home.
The plaintiff contributed some of her income toward the maintenance and
improvement of the parties' home. She paid for the purchase and
installation of ceramic flooring, wall-to-wall carpeting, patio furniture,
and a deck. She and the defendant also shared the cost of a television, an
oven, a refrigerator, and an air conditioner.
By contributing some of her salary to the parties' home, the plaintiff did
not secure her own investments, and, at the time of trial, she did not have
any savings and only a small pension. The plaintiff's contributions enabled
the defendant to use some of his funds to purchase and maintain his real
estate and an airplane.
In March, 1989, the plaintiff became involved in another relationship which
spurred the defendant to seek legal advice regarding the parties' rights
with respect to the assets acquired during their relationship. Pursuant to
the defendant's request, his attorney drafted an agreement concerning the
parties' respective rights.1 The defendant testified that he discussed
the terms of the agreement with the plaintiff before instructing his
attorney to draft the agreement.
The defendant presented the agreement to the plaintiff and told her that if
she did not sign it, their relationship would be over and she would be
required to move out of the Halifax house. He advised her to seek legal
advice before signing the agreement, and, although she had the opportunity
to do so, she did not seek any advice regarding the agreement. A few days
later, the parties signed the agreement before a notary public.
The judge stated that "[t]he defendant's testimony indicates that the
primary purpose of the agreement was to secure sexual fidelity to him from
the plaintiff." The judge did not credit the plaintiff's testimony that she
had not read the agreement, and he rejected the plaintiff's claim that she
was forced or coerced into signing the agreement.
At the time of the execution of the agreement, the defendant owned the
Halifax property, valued at $180,000; an amphibious airplane, valued at
$55,000; various bank accounts, totalling approximately $1,300; individual
retirement accounts; and a one-half share of real estate in Maine, valued
at $15,000. The plaintiff did not have any assets in her name, other than a
bank account containing a small amount, and a one-half share in the Maine
real estate. She owned household furniture, clothing, and jewelry. The
parties were aware of the principal assets, and fully understood each
other's financial status prior to the execution of the agreement.
The agreement provided that the plaintiff vacate the Halifax residence
within thirty days after being requested to do so by the defendant. When
the plaintiff became involved in another relationship in 1992, the
defendant gave her thirty days' notice to leave the home. When the
defendant asked the plaintiff to leave at the expiration of the thirty
days, the plaintiff refused to do so, and instead moved into another
bedroom where she resided until the time of trial.
2. We have not previously passed on the validity of written agreements
between two unmarried cohabitants that attempt to define the rights of the
parties as to services rendered and property acquired during their
relationship. Our early decisions precluded the enforcement of an agreement
between unmarried parties if the agreement was made in consideration that
the parties should cohabit. See, e.g., Zytka v. Dmochowski, 302 Mass. 63,
63-64 (1938) (if money is given by one party to the other "entirely or
partially in consideration that the parties should cohabit, then the
parties have no standing to invoke the aid of a court of equity to compel
the repayment of the money and they have no rights which are cognizable in
equity"). See also Otis v. Freeman, 199 Mass. 160 (1908). More recently, we
have held valid oral promises between unmarried cohabitants so long as
"illicit sexual relations were [not] an inherent aspect of the agreement or
a 'serious and not merely an incidental part of the performance of the
agreement.'" Margolies v. Hopkins, 401 Mass. 88, 92 (1987), quoting Green
v. Richmond, 369 Mass. 47, 51 (1975).
Social mores regarding cohabitation between unmarried parties have changed
dramatically in recent years and living arrangements that were once
criticized are now relatively common and accepted. "As an alternative to
marriage, more couples are choosing to cohabit. These relationships may be
of extended duration, sometimes lasting as long as many marriages. In many
respects, these cohabitation relationships may be quite similar to
conventional marriages; they may involve commingling of funds, joint
purchases of property, and even the birth of children." (Footnotes
omitted.) Perry, Dissolution Planning in Family Law: A Critique of Current
Analyses and a Look Toward the Future, 24 Fam. L.Q. 77, 78 (1990)
(hereinafter Perry). With the prevalence of nonmarital relationships today,
a considerable number of persons live together without benefit of the rules
of law that govern property, financial, and other matters in a marital
relationship. Thus, we do well to recognize the benefits to be gained by
encouraging unmarried cohabitants to enter into written agreements
respecting these matters, as the consequences for each partner may be
considerable on termination of the relationship or, in particular, in the
event of the death of one of the partners.2 "In recent years, increased
attention has focused on the advisability of unmarried couples entering
into cohabitation contracts in which they . . . detail the financial
consequences of dissolution." Perry, supra. This may be especially
important in a jurisdiction like Massachusetts where we do not recognize
common law marriage, do not extend to unmarried couples the rights
possessed by married couples who divorce, and reject equitable remedies
that might have the effect of dividing property between unmarried parties.
Courts in other jurisdictions have concluded, as we did in Margolies v.
Hopkins, supra, that an express agreement between adult unmarried persons
living together is unenforceable only to the extent that it explicitly and
inseparably is founded on sexual relations. Kozlowski v. Kozlowski, 80 N.J.
378, 385 (1979), citing Marvin v. Marvin, 18 Cal. 3d 660 (1976). See Cook
v. Cook, 142 Ariz. 573 (1984); Boland v. Catalano, 202 Conn. 333 (1987);
Kinkenon v. Hue, 207 Neb. 698 (1981); Hay v. Hay, 100 Nev. 196 (1984);
Dominiquez v. Cruz, 95 N.M. 1 (Ct. App. 1980); Morone v. Morone, 50 N.Y.2d
481 (1980); Mullen v. Suchko, 279 Pa. Super. 499 (1980); Latham v. Latham,
274 Or. 421 (1976), S.C., 281 Or. 303 (1978); Small v. Harper, 638 S.W.2d
24 (Tex. Ct. App. 1982); Kinnison v. Kinnison, 627 P.2d 594 (Wyo. 1981).
Cf. Poe v. Estate of Levy, 411 So. 2d 253 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982)
(express, implied, and equitable remedies); Glasgo v. Glasgo, 410 N.E.2d
1325 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980) (contractual and equitable remedies); Collins v.
Davis, 68 N.C. App. 588, S.C., 312 N.C 324 (1984) (contractual and
equitable remedies); Watts v. Watts, 137 Wis. 2d 506 (1987), S.C., 152 Wis.
2d 370 (1989) (express, implied, and equitable remedies). Furthermore, such
agreements are not invalid merely because the parties may have contemplated
the creation or continuation of a nonmarital relationship when they entered
into the agreement. Marvin v. Marvin, supra at 670. As the New York Court
of Appeals stated in Morone v. Morone, supra at 486, "[t]he theory of these
cases is that while cohabitation without marriage does not give rise to the
property and financial rights which normally attend the marital relation,
neither does cohabitation disable the parties from making an agreement
within the normal rules of contract law." Although none of these cases
specifically concerns a written agreement between unmarried cohabitants
attempting to resolve issues such as the parties' rights as to property,
earnings, and services rendered, the principles they announce also apply to
such an agreement.3 Implicit in these principles is tacit acknowledgment
that unmarried cohabitants may agree to hold real property jointly or in
common, agree to create joint bank and other accounts, do the same for
investments, and, of course, make testamentary dispositions. These
financial and property arrangements stem from a relationship that involves
sexual cohabitation, but, in creating them, the parties are principally
motivated by an intention to hold, or dispose of, property in a mutually
acceptable way in order to manage day-to-day matters and to avoid
litigation when the relationship ends. Such financial planning is
enforceable according to the usual rules of contract. It makes no sense to
uphold these arrangements between unmarried cohabitants, but to withhold
enforcement of written agreements between the same parties when they
attempt to settle the financial and other consequences if they should
separate.
To the extent we have not previously done so, we adopt the view that
unmarried cohabitants may lawfully contract concerning property, financial,
and other matters relevant to their relationship.4 Such a contract is
subject to the rules of contract law and is valid even if expressly made in
contemplation of a common living arrangement, except to the extent that
sexual services constitute the only, or dominant, consideration for the
agreement, or that enforcement should be denied on some other public policy
ground.5 We shall no longer follow cases in this Commonwealth to the
contrary.
Nothing we say here today is intended to derogate from the clear
distinction we have made in our cases between the legal rights of married
and unmarried cohabitants, see, e.g., Collins v. Guggenheim, 417 Mass. 615,
617-618 (1994) (cohabitants not entitled to equitable distribution of
property); Reep v. Commissioner of the Dep't of Employment & Training, 412
Mass. 845, 851 (1992) (married person who leaves work to join spouse is
presumed to have satisfied statutory requirement for unemployment
compensation eligibility; long-term nonmarital partner could offer proof
toward meeting standard, but is not entitled to presumption); Feliciano v.
Rosemar Silver Co., 401 Mass. 141 (1987) (nonmarital partners have no right
to sue for loss of consortium); Davis v. Misiano, 373 Mass. 261, 263 (1977)
(nonmarital partners have no right to separate support and alimony). Nor
should anything we have said be taken as a suggestion or intimation that we
are retreating from our prior expressions regarding the importance of the
institution of marriage and the strong public interest in ensuring that its
integrity is not threatened. See Capazzoli v. Holzwasser, 397 Mass. 158,
160 (1986), and cases cited. We have never recognized common law marriage
in this Commonwealth, see Heistand v. Heistand, 384 Mass. 20, 24 (1981),
nor have we "permitted the incidents of the marital relationship to attach
to an arrangement of cohabitation without marriage." Collins v. Guggenheim,
supra. We do not do so now.
The defendant argues that the judge erred in concluding that the contract
violated public policy because its sole purpose was to secure the sexual
fidelity of the plaintiff. We agree with the defendant's argument. While
the defendant testified that an act of infidelity on the part of the
plaintiff, coupled with her claim that he could not just "throw her out,"
led him to seek legal advice, no evidence showed that the only or dominant
purpose of the agreement was to secure the plaintiff's sexual fidelity, or
that "sexual relations were an inherent aspect of the agreement or a
'serious and not merely an incidental part of the performance of the
agreement.'" Margolies v. Hopkins, supra at 92, quoting Green v. Richmond,
369 Mass. 47, 51 (1975). Indeed, the agreement provides that sexual
services are not a consideration for the making of the agreement. The
agreement also states an intent "to protect and define each other's rights
pertaining to past and future services rendered, earnings, accumulated
property and furnishings and other matters that may be contained herein."
The principal purpose of the agreement was to clarify the parties' rights
with respect to the division of assets acquired during their relationship
in the event that they should separate. The parties' rights were
established as of the date of the execution of the agreement in 1989. 6
That the defendant in 1992 exercised his right under the agreement to
request that the plaintiff leave the Halifax house, did not alter the terms
of the agreement, nor did the defendant's request establish that the
plaintiff's fidelity was the sole foundation upon which the agreement
rested.
"Virtually all agreements between nonmarital partners can be said to be
'involved' in some sense in the fact of their mutual sexual relationship,
or to 'contemplate' the existence of that relationship." Marvin v. Marvin,
18 Cal. 3d 660, 672 (1976). By the same token, all such agreements could be
said to rest on the sexual fidelity of the parties, as, presumably, one
party's infidelity might cause the termination of the parties'
relationship. We recognize that the plaintiff's alleged infidelity in 1992
precipitated both the defendant's request that she leave and the
performance of the agreement. Nonetheless, these circumstances alone do not
establish that enforcement of the agreement is against public policy and
therefore unenforceable. "By looking . . . only to the consideration
underlying the agreement, we provide the parties and the courts with a
practical guide to determine when an agreement between nonmarital partners
should be enforced." Id.
The defendant also contends that the judge erred in applying to the
parties' agreement requirements attendant to antenuptial agreements, in
particular that the agreement be fair and reasonable. As stated above,
marriage gives each party substantial rights concerning the assets of the
other which unmarried cohabitants do not have. An agreement between two
unmarried parties is not governed by the threshold requirements that apply
to an antenuptial agreement. See generally Osborne v. Osborne, 384 Mass.
591 (1981); Rosenberg v. Lipnick, 377 Mass. 666 (1979). Accordingly, the
agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant is enforceable so long as
it conforms with the ordinary rules of contract law, and a court is no more
entitled to inquire into its fairness and reasonableness than it is in
respect to contracts generally. Contrast R.R. v. M.H., 426 Mass. 501, 512
(1998) (surrogacy agreement).
We conclude that the plaintiff and the defendant were free to contract with
respect to property, financial, and other matters relevant to their
relationship,7 and that the specific agreement at issue is valid and
enforceable. It is undisputed that the parties, both adults, had the
capacity to contract and understood each other's financial worth prior to
the execution of the agreement. Moreover, the plaintiff was advised to seek
counsel regarding the agreement and chose not to do so. There was no claim
of fraud, overreaching, or unconscionability. The plaintiff is employed and
makes no assertion that as a result of the agreement, she will be unable to
support herself. The judge found that the plaintiff was not forced or
coerced to sign the agreement.
Finally, we note that the plaintiff voluntarily entered into a relationship
with the defendant, and continued to live with him for many years despite
her knowledge that he was unlikely to marry her. The agreement she signed
essentially tracked the living arrangement she had shared with the
defendant for twenty-five years, in which they maintained separate legal
and financial identities, and did not merge their financial affairs. There
is no evidence that during the course of their relationship, the plaintiff
was the "weaker" of the two cohabitants, or that she had been dissatisfied
with the way they managed their affairs.*fn8
3. We need not address the defendant's other arguments. We note only that
the Probate Court appears to have had jurisdiction over the plaintiff's
quantum meruit claim. See J.A. Sullivan Corp. v. Commonwealth, 397 Mass.
789, 793 (1986); Glick v. Greenleaf, 383 Mass. 290, 294-295 (1981);
Bradford v. Richards, 11 Mass. App. Ct. 595, 598 (1981).
4. The judgment is vacated, and a new judgment is to be entered declaring
the agreement to be valid and enforceable and disposing of the damages
claim in the defendant's favor.
So ordered.
Footnotes
1 The agreement basically establishes that, whether acquired before or
during the relationship, "what's mine is mine and what's yours is yours."
Specifically, the agreement provides that each party's earnings and
property is his or hers alone, and the other party shall have no interest
in the property of the other; any services rendered by either party are
voluntary and without expectation of compensation; the parties shall
maintain separate accounts; any debts or obligations are the responsibility
of the party who acquired them; if one party contributes to the mortgage
payment of a premises owned by the other party, the contribution is to be
deemed rent only and shall not create in the contributor any interest in
the property; and any money transferred from one party to the other, with
the exception of mortgage or rent payments, shall be deemed a loan.
2 Studies suggest that most people enter nonmarital relationships in
ignorance of the legal consequences or under the assumption that at least
some legal protections are available. See Perry, Dissolution Planning in
Family Law: A Critique of Current Analyses and a Look Toward the Future, 24
Fam. L.Q. 77, 77 n.1 (1990).
3 We do not adopt those portions of Marvin v. Marvin, 18 Cal. 3d 660
(1976), or the other cases cited, which grant property rights to a
nonmarital partner in the absence of an express contract.
4 However, if the parties eventually were to marry, the agreement is no
longer valid, and the rules concerning antenuptial, postnuptial, or
separation agreements will then govern any agreement thereafter entered
into by them.
5 For example, there is a public interest in ensuring that one of the
parties to the agreement does not become a public charge. See O'Brien v.
O'Brien, 416 Mass. 477, 479 (1993). Cf. Osborne v. Osborne, 384 Mass. 591,
599 (1981).
6 The agreement contains a clause, entitled "Duration of This
Agreement," which states:
"This agreement shall remain in effect until either party leaves or
removes himself or herself from the common domicile [sic] with the
intention not to return, or until they marry, or until they make a new
written agreement which is contrary to the terms of this agreement."
7 The parties have no children, and thus the agreement did not raise any
issues regarding the legal restrictions on their ability to affect the
rights of their children by the agreement. As to agreements that do concern
children, we would not, in any event, enforce those that do not conform to
the children's best interests. Cf. R.R. v. M.H., 426 Mass. 501, 512 (1998)
(mother and father may not make binding best-interests-of-the-child
determination by private agreement); Osborne v. Osborne, supra at 599
(court empowered to modify antenuptial agreement where provision affecting
right of custody of minor child is not in best interest of child); Knox v.
Remick, 371 Mass. 433, 437 (1976) ("Parents may not bargain away the rights
of their children to support from either one of them"). See Perry, supra at
77 n.2.
8 We recognize that unmarried parties who enter into these agreements
may not necessarily share equal bargaining power, and disparities in
bargaining power are more likely to arise when an agreement is negotiated
long after the parties began cohabiting. Although one could argue that such
disparities existed between the parties here, and was based, at least in
part, on the traditional gender roles assumed by the parties, this alone
does not invalidate the agreement. In any event, such disparities do not
always exist, and the gender of the parties does not necessarily dictate
which party is in a more financially secure position. For a comprehensive
discussion of the issues related to bargaining power in negotiating
cohabitation agreements, see Perry, supra at 88-93.